bfq-iosched.c

/*
 * Budget Fair Queueing (BFQ) I/O scheduler.
 *
 * Based on ideas and code from CFQ:
 * Copyright (C) 2003 Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008 Fabio Checconi <fabio@gandalf.sssup.it>
 *		      Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@unimore.it>
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2010 Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@unimore.it>
 *                    Arianna Avanzini <avanzini@google.com>
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2017 Paolo Valente <paolo.valente@linaro.org>
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 *  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
 *  published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
 *  License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 *  General Public License for more details.
 *
 * BFQ is a proportional-share I/O scheduler, with some extra
 * low-latency capabilities. BFQ also supports full hierarchical
 * scheduling through cgroups. Next paragraphs provide an introduction
 * on BFQ inner workings. Details on BFQ benefits, usage and
 * limitations can be found in Documentation/block/bfq-iosched.txt.
 *
 * BFQ is a proportional-share storage-I/O scheduling algorithm based
 * on the slice-by-slice service scheme of CFQ. But BFQ assigns
 * budgets, measured in number of sectors, to processes instead of
 * time slices. The device is not granted to the in-service process
 * for a given time slice, but until it has exhausted its assigned
 * budget. This change from the time to the service domain enables BFQ
 * to distribute the device throughput among processes as desired,
 * without any distortion due to throughput fluctuations, or to device
 * internal queueing. BFQ uses an ad hoc internal scheduler, called
 * B-WF2Q+, to schedule processes according to their budgets. More
 * precisely, BFQ schedules queues associated with processes. Each
 * process/queue is assigned a user-configurable weight, and B-WF2Q+
 * guarantees that each queue receives a fraction of the throughput
 * proportional to its weight. Thanks to the accurate policy of
 * B-WF2Q+, BFQ can afford to assign high budgets to I/O-bound
 * processes issuing sequential requests (to boost the throughput),
 * and yet guarantee a low latency to interactive and soft real-time
 * applications.
 *
 * In particular, to provide these low-latency guarantees, BFQ
 * explicitly privileges the I/O of two classes of time-sensitive
 * applications: interactive and soft real-time. This feature enables
 * BFQ to provide applications in these classes with a very low
 * latency. Finally, BFQ also features additional heuristics for
 * preserving both a low latency and a high throughput on NCQ-capable,
 * rotational or flash-based devices, and to get the job done quickly
 * for applications consisting in many I/O-bound processes.
 *
 * BFQ is described in [1], where also a reference to the initial, more
 * theoretical paper on BFQ can be found. The interested reader can find
 * in the latter paper full details on the main algorithm, as well as
 * formulas of the guarantees and formal proofs of all the properties.
 * With respect to the version of BFQ presented in these papers, this
 * implementation adds a few more heuristics, such as the one that
 * guarantees a low latency to soft real-time applications, and a
 * hierarchical extension based on H-WF2Q+.
 *
 * B-WF2Q+ is based on WF2Q+, which is described in [2], together with
 * H-WF2Q+, while the augmented tree used here to implement B-WF2Q+
 * with O(log N) complexity derives from the one introduced with EEVDF
 * in [3].
 *
 * [1] P. Valente, A. Avanzini, "Evolution of the BFQ Storage I/O
 *     Scheduler", Proceedings of the First Workshop on Mobile System
 *     Technologies (MST-2015), May 2015.
 *     http://algogroup.unimore.it/people/paolo/disk_sched/mst-2015.pdf
 *
 * [2] Jon C.R. Bennett and H. Zhang, "Hierarchical Packet Fair Queueing
 *     Algorithms", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 5(5):675-689,
 *     Oct 1997.
 *
 * http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~hzhang/papers/TON-97-Oct.ps.gz
 *
 * [3] I. Stoica and H. Abdel-Wahab, "Earliest Eligible Virtual Deadline
 *     First: A Flexible and Accurate Mechanism for Proportional Share
 *     Resource Allocation", technical report.
 *
 * http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~istoica/papers/eevdf-tr-95.pdf
 */
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/cgroup.h>
#include <linux/elevator.h>
#include <linux/ktime.h>
#include <linux/rbtree.h>
#include <linux/ioprio.h>
#include <linux/sbitmap.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>

#include "blk.h"
#include "blk-mq.h"
#include "blk-mq-tag.h"
#include "blk-mq-sched.h"
#include <linux/blktrace_api.h>
#include <linux/hrtimer.h>
#include <linux/blk-cgroup.h>

#define BFQ_IOPRIO_CLASSES	3
#define BFQ_CL_IDLE_TIMEOUT	(HZ/5)

#define BFQ_MIN_WEIGHT			1
#define BFQ_MAX_WEIGHT			1000
#define BFQ_WEIGHT_CONVERSION_COEFF	10

#define BFQ_DEFAULT_QUEUE_IOPRIO	4

#define BFQ_WEIGHT_LEGACY_DFL	100
#define BFQ_DEFAULT_GRP_IOPRIO	0
#define BFQ_DEFAULT_GRP_CLASS	IOPRIO_CLASS_BE

struct bfq_entity;

/**
 * struct bfq_service_tree - per ioprio_class service tree.
 *
 * Each service tree represents a B-WF2Q+ scheduler on its own.  Each
 * ioprio_class has its own independent scheduler, and so its own
 * bfq_service_tree.  All the fields are protected by the queue lock
 * of the containing bfqd.
 */
struct bfq_service_tree {
	/* tree for active entities (i.e., those backlogged) */
	struct rb_root active;
	/* tree for idle entities (i.e., not backlogged, with V <= F_i)*/
	struct rb_root idle;

	/* idle entity with minimum F_i */
	struct bfq_entity *first_idle;
	/* idle entity with maximum F_i */
	struct bfq_entity *last_idle;

	/* scheduler virtual time */
	u64 vtime;
	/* scheduler weight sum; active and idle entities contribute to it */
	unsigned long wsum;
};

/**
 * struct bfq_sched_data - multi-class scheduler.
 *
 * bfq_sched_data is the basic scheduler queue.  It supports three
 * ioprio_classes, and can be used either as a toplevel queue or as an
 * intermediate queue on a hierarchical setup.  @next_in_service
 * points to the active entity of the sched_data service trees that
 * will be scheduled next. It is used to reduce the number of steps
 * needed for each hierarchical-schedule update.
 *
 * The supported ioprio_classes are the same as in CFQ, in descending
 * priority order, IOPRIO_CLASS_RT, IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE.
 * Requests from higher priority queues are served before all the
 * requests from lower priority queues; among requests of the same
 * queue requests are served according to B-WF2Q+.
 * All the fields are protected by the queue lock of the containing bfqd.
 */
struct bfq_sched_data {
	/* entity in service */
	struct bfq_entity *in_service_entity;
	/* head-of-line entity (see comments above) */
	struct bfq_entity *next_in_service;
	/* array of service trees, one per ioprio_class */
	struct bfq_service_tree service_tree[BFQ_IOPRIO_CLASSES];
	/* last time CLASS_IDLE was served */
	unsigned long bfq_class_idle_last_service;

};

/**
 * struct bfq_entity - schedulable entity.
 *
 * A bfq_entity is used to represent either a bfq_queue (leaf node in the
 * cgroup hierarchy) or a bfq_group into the upper level scheduler.  Each
 * entity belongs to the sched_data of the parent group in the cgroup
 * hierarchy.  Non-leaf entities have also their own sched_data, stored
 * in @my_sched_data.
 *
 * Each entity stores independently its priority values; this would
 * allow different weights on different devices, but this
 * functionality is not exported to userspace by now.  Priorities and
 * weights are updated lazily, first storing the new values into the
 * new_* fields, then setting the @prio_changed flag.  As soon as
 * there is a transition in the entity state that allows the priority
 * update to take place the effective and the requested priority
 * values are synchronized.
 *
 * Unless cgroups are used, the weight value is calculated from the
 * ioprio to export the same interface as CFQ.  When dealing with
 * ``well-behaved'' queues (i.e., queues that do not spend too much
 * time to consume their budget and have true sequential behavior, and
 * when there are no external factors breaking anticipation) the
 * relative weights at each level of the cgroups hierarchy should be
 * guaranteed.  All the fields are protected by the queue lock of the
 * containing bfqd.
 */
struct bfq_entity {
	/* service_tree member */
	struct rb_node rb_node;

	/*
	 * Flag, true if the entity is on a tree (either the active or
	 * the idle one of its service_tree) or is in service.
	 */
	bool on_st;

	/* B-WF2Q+ start and finish timestamps [sectors/weight] */
	u64 start, finish;

	/* tree the entity is enqueued into; %NULL if not on a tree */
	struct rb_root *tree;

	/*
	 * minimum start time of the (active) subtree rooted at this
	 * entity; used for O(log N) lookups into active trees
	 */
	u64 min_start;

	/* amount of service received during the last service slot */
	int service;

	/* budget, used also to calculate F_i: F_i = S_i + @budget / @weight */
	int budget;

	/* weight of the queue */
	int weight;
	/* next weight if a change is in progress */
	int new_weight;

	/* original weight, used to implement weight boosting */
	int orig_weight;

	/* parent entity, for hierarchical scheduling */
	struct bfq_entity *parent;

	/*
	 * For non-leaf nodes in the hierarchy, the associated
	 * scheduler queue, %NULL on leaf nodes.
	 */
	struct bfq_sched_data *my_sched_data;
	/* the scheduler queue this entity belongs to */
	struct bfq_sched_data *sched_data;

	/* flag, set to request a weight, ioprio or ioprio_class change  */
	int prio_changed;
};

struct bfq_group;

/**
 * struct bfq_ttime - per process thinktime stats.
 */
struct bfq_ttime {
	/* completion time of the last request */
	u64 last_end_request;

	/* total process thinktime */
	u64 ttime_total;
	/* number of thinktime samples */
	unsigned long ttime_samples;
	/* average process thinktime */
	u64 ttime_mean;
};

/**
 * struct bfq_queue - leaf schedulable entity.
 *
 * A bfq_queue is a leaf request queue; it can be associated with an
 * io_context or more, if it is async. @cgroup holds a reference to
 * the cgroup, to be sure that it does not disappear while a bfqq
 * still references it (mostly to avoid races between request issuing
 * and task migration followed by cgroup destruction).  All the fields
 * are protected by the queue lock of the containing bfqd.
 */
struct bfq_queue {
	/* reference counter */
	int ref;
	/* parent bfq_data */
	struct bfq_data *bfqd;

	/* current ioprio and ioprio class */
	unsigned short ioprio, ioprio_class;
	/* next ioprio and ioprio class if a change is in progress */
	unsigned short new_ioprio, new_ioprio_class;

	/* sorted list of pending requests */
	struct rb_root sort_list;
	/* if fifo isn't expired, next request to serve */
	struct request *next_rq;
	/* number of sync and async requests queued */
	int queued[2];
	/* number of requests currently allocated */
	int allocated;
	/* number of pending metadata requests */
	int meta_pending;
	/* fifo list of requests in sort_list */
	struct list_head fifo;

	/* entity representing this queue in the scheduler */
	struct bfq_entity entity;

	/* maximum budget allowed from the feedback mechanism */
	int max_budget;
	/* budget expiration (in jiffies) */
	unsigned long budget_timeout;

	/* number of requests on the dispatch list or inside driver */
	int dispatched;

	/* status flags */
	unsigned long flags;

	/* node for active/idle bfqq list inside parent bfqd */
	struct list_head bfqq_list;

	/* associated @bfq_ttime struct */
	struct bfq_ttime ttime;

	/* bit vector: a 1 for each seeky requests in history */
	u32 seek_history;
	/* position of the last request enqueued */
	sector_t last_request_pos;

	/* Number of consecutive pairs of request completion and
	 * arrival, such that the queue becomes idle after the
	 * completion, but the next request arrives within an idle
	 * time slice; used only if the queue's IO_bound flag has been
	 * cleared.
	 */
	unsigned int requests_within_timer;

	/* pid of the process owning the queue, used for logging purposes */
	pid_t pid;
};

/**
 * struct bfq_io_cq - per (request_queue, io_context) structure.
 */
struct bfq_io_cq {
	/* associated io_cq structure */
	struct io_cq icq; /* must be the first member */
	/* array of two process queues, the sync and the async */
	struct bfq_queue *bfqq[2];
	/* per (request_queue, blkcg) ioprio */
	int ioprio;
#ifdef CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
	uint64_t blkcg_serial_nr; /* the current blkcg serial */
#endif
};

/**
 * struct bfq_data - per-device data structure.
 *
 * All the fields are protected by @lock.
 */
struct bfq_data {
	/* device request queue */
	struct request_queue *queue;
	/* dispatch queue */
	struct list_head dispatch;

	/* root bfq_group for the device */
	struct bfq_group *root_group;

	/*
	 * Number of bfq_queues containing requests (including the
	 * queue in service, even if it is idling).
	 */
	int busy_queues;
	/* number of queued requests */
	int queued;
	/* number of requests dispatched and waiting for completion */
	int rq_in_driver;

	/*
	 * Maximum number of requests in driver in the last
	 * @hw_tag_samples completed requests.
	 */
	int max_rq_in_driver;
	/* number of samples used to calculate hw_tag */
	int hw_tag_samples;
	/* flag set to one if the driver is showing a queueing behavior */
	int hw_tag;

	/* number of budgets assigned */
	int budgets_assigned;

	/*
	 * Timer set when idling (waiting) for the next request from
	 * the queue in service.
	 */
	struct hrtimer idle_slice_timer;

	/* bfq_queue in service */
	struct bfq_queue *in_service_queue;
	/* bfq_io_cq (bic) associated with the @in_service_queue */
	struct bfq_io_cq *in_service_bic;

	/* on-disk position of the last served request */
	sector_t last_position;

	/* time of last request completion (ns) */
	u64 last_completion;

	/* time of first rq dispatch in current observation interval (ns) */
	u64 first_dispatch;
	/* time of last rq dispatch in current observation interval (ns) */
	u64 last_dispatch;

	/* beginning of the last budget */
	ktime_t last_budget_start;
	/* beginning of the last idle slice */
	ktime_t last_idling_start;

	/* number of samples in current observation interval */
	int peak_rate_samples;
	/* num of samples of seq dispatches in current observation interval */
	u32 sequential_samples;
	/* total num of sectors transferred in current observation interval */
	u64 tot_sectors_dispatched;
	/* max rq size seen during current observation interval (sectors) */
	u32 last_rq_max_size;
	/* time elapsed from first dispatch in current observ. interval (us) */
	u64 delta_from_first;
	/*
	 * Current estimate of the device peak rate, measured in
	 * [BFQ_RATE_SHIFT * sectors/usec]. The left-shift by
	 * BFQ_RATE_SHIFT is performed to increase precision in
	 * fixed-point calculations.
	 */
	u32 peak_rate;

	/* maximum budget allotted to a bfq_queue before rescheduling */
	int bfq_max_budget;

	/* list of all the bfq_queues active on the device */
	struct list_head active_list;
	/* list of all the bfq_queues idle on the device */
	struct list_head idle_list;

	/*
	 * Timeout for async/sync requests; when it fires, requests
	 * are served in fifo order.
	 */
	u64 bfq_fifo_expire[2];
	/* weight of backward seeks wrt forward ones */
	unsigned int bfq_back_penalty;
	/* maximum allowed backward seek */
	unsigned int bfq_back_max;
	/* maximum idling time */
	u32 bfq_slice_idle;

	/* user-configured max budget value (0 for auto-tuning) */
	int bfq_user_max_budget;
	/*
	 * Timeout for bfq_queues to consume their budget; used to
	 * prevent seeky queues from imposing long latencies to
	 * sequential or quasi-sequential ones (this also implies that
	 * seeky queues cannot receive guarantees in the service
	 * domain; after a timeout they are charged for the time they
	 * have been in service, to preserve fairness among them, but
	 * without service-domain guarantees).
	 */
	unsigned int bfq_timeout;

	/*
	 * Number of consecutive requests that must be issued within
	 * the idle time slice to set again idling to a queue which
	 * was marked as non-I/O-bound (see the definition of the
	 * IO_bound flag for further details).
	 */
	unsigned int bfq_requests_within_timer;

	/*
	 * Force device idling whenever needed to provide accurate
	 * service guarantees, without caring about throughput
	 * issues. CAVEAT: this may even increase latencies, in case
	 * of useless idling for processes that did stop doing I/O.
	 */
	bool strict_guarantees;

	/* fallback dummy bfqq for extreme OOM conditions */
	struct bfq_queue oom_bfqq;

	spinlock_t lock;

	/*
	 * bic associated with the task issuing current bio for
	 * merging. This and the next field are used as a support to
	 * be able to perform the bic lookup, needed by bio-merge
	 * functions, before the scheduler lock is taken, and thus
	 * avoid taking the request-queue lock while the scheduler
	 * lock is being held.
	 */
	struct bfq_io_cq *bio_bic;
	/* bfqq associated with the task issuing current bio for merging */
	struct bfq_queue *bio_bfqq;
};

enum bfqq_state_flags {
	BFQQF_busy = 0,		/* has requests or is in service */
	BFQQF_wait_request,	/* waiting for a request */
	BFQQF_non_blocking_wait_rq, /*
				     * waiting for a request
				     * without idling the device
				     */
	BFQQF_fifo_expire,	/* FIFO checked in this slice */
	BFQQF_idle_window,	/* slice idling enabled */
	BFQQF_sync,		/* synchronous queue */
	BFQQF_budget_new,	/* no completion with this budget */
	BFQQF_IO_bound,		/*
				 * bfqq has timed-out at least once
				 * having consumed at most 2/10 of
				 * its budget
				 */
};

#define BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(name)						\
static void bfq_mark_bfqq_##name(struct bfq_queue *bfqq)		\
{									\
	__set_bit(BFQQF_##name, &(bfqq)->flags);			\
}									\
static void bfq_clear_bfqq_##name(struct bfq_queue *bfqq)		\
{									\
	__clear_bit(BFQQF_##name, &(bfqq)->flags);		\
}									\
static int bfq_bfqq_##name(const struct bfq_queue *bfqq)		\
{									\
	return test_bit(BFQQF_##name, &(bfqq)->flags);		\
}

BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(busy);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(wait_request);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(non_blocking_wait_rq);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(fifo_expire);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(idle_window);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(sync);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(budget_new);
BFQ_BFQQ_FNS(IO_bound);
#undef BFQ_BFQQ_FNS

/* Logging facilities. */
#ifdef CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
static struct bfq_group *bfqq_group(struct bfq_queue *bfqq);
static struct blkcg_gq *bfqg_to_blkg(struct bfq_group *bfqg);

#define bfq_log_bfqq(bfqd, bfqq, fmt, args...)	do {			\
	char __pbuf[128];						\
									\
	blkg_path(bfqg_to_blkg(bfqq_group(bfqq)), __pbuf, sizeof(__pbuf)); \
	blk_add_trace_msg((bfqd)->queue, "bfq%d%c %s " fmt, (bfqq)->pid, \
			bfq_bfqq_sync((bfqq)) ? 'S' : 'A',		\
			  __pbuf, ##args);				\
} while (0)

#define bfq_log_bfqg(bfqd, bfqg, fmt, args...)	do {			\
	char __pbuf[128];						\
									\
	blkg_path(bfqg_to_blkg(bfqg), __pbuf, sizeof(__pbuf));		\
	blk_add_trace_msg((bfqd)->queue, "%s " fmt, __pbuf, ##args);	\
} while (0)

#else /* CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED */

#define bfq_log_bfqq(bfqd, bfqq, fmt, args...)	\
	blk_add_trace_msg((bfqd)->queue, "bfq%d%c " fmt, (bfqq)->pid,	\
			bfq_bfqq_sync((bfqq)) ? 'S' : 'A',		\
				##args)
#define bfq_log_bfqg(bfqd, bfqg, fmt, args...)		do {} while (0)

#endif /* CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED */

#define bfq_log(bfqd, fmt, args...) \
	blk_add_trace_msg((bfqd)->queue, "bfq " fmt, ##args)

/* Expiration reasons. */
enum bfqq_expiration {
	BFQQE_TOO_IDLE = 0,		/*
					 * queue has been idling for
					 * too long
					 */
	BFQQE_BUDGET_TIMEOUT,	/* budget took too long to be used */
	BFQQE_BUDGET_EXHAUSTED,	/* budget consumed */
	BFQQE_NO_MORE_REQUESTS,	/* the queue has no more requests */
	BFQQE_PREEMPTED		/* preemption in progress */
};

struct bfqg_stats {
#ifdef CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
	/* number of ios merged */
	struct blkg_rwstat		merged;
	/* total time spent on device in ns, may not be accurate w/ queueing */
	struct blkg_rwstat		service_time;
	/* total time spent waiting in scheduler queue in ns */
	struct blkg_rwstat		wait_time;
	/* number of IOs queued up */
	struct blkg_rwstat		queued;
	/* total disk time and nr sectors dispatched by this group */
	struct blkg_stat		time;
	/* sum of number of ios queued across all samples */
	struct blkg_stat		avg_queue_size_sum;
	/* count of samples taken for average */
	struct blkg_stat		avg_queue_size_samples;
	/* how many times this group has been removed from service tree */
	struct blkg_stat		dequeue;
	/* total time spent waiting for it to be assigned a timeslice. */
	struct blkg_stat		group_wait_time;
	/* time spent idling for this blkcg_gq */
	struct blkg_stat		idle_time;
	/* total time with empty current active q with other requests queued */
	struct blkg_stat		empty_time;
	/* fields after this shouldn't be cleared on stat reset */
	uint64_t			start_group_wait_time;
	uint64_t			start_idle_time;
	uint64_t			start_empty_time;
	uint16_t			flags;
#endif	/* CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED */
};

#ifdef CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED

/*
 * struct bfq_group_data - per-blkcg storage for the blkio subsystem.
 *
 * @ps: @blkcg_policy_storage that this structure inherits
 * @weight: weight of the bfq_group
 */
struct bfq_group_data {
	/* must be the first member */
	struct blkcg_policy_data pd;

	unsigned short weight;
};

/**
 * struct bfq_group - per (device, cgroup) data structure.
 * @entity: schedulable entity to insert into the parent group sched_data.
 * @sched_data: own sched_data, to contain child entities (they may be
 *              both bfq_queues and bfq_groups).
 * @bfqd: the bfq_data for the device this group acts upon.
 * @async_bfqq: array of async queues for all the tasks belonging to
 *              the group, one queue per ioprio value per ioprio_class,
 *              except for the idle class that has only one queue.
 * @async_idle_bfqq: async queue for the idle class (ioprio is ignored).
 * @my_entity: pointer to @entity, %NULL for the toplevel group; used
 *             to avoid too many special cases during group creation/
 *             migration.
 * @stats: stats for this bfqg.
 *
 * Each (device, cgroup) pair has its own bfq_group, i.e., for each cgroup
 * there is a set of bfq_groups, each one collecting the lower-level
 * entities belonging to the group that are acting on the same device.
 *
 * Locking works as follows:
 *    o @bfqd is protected by the queue lock, RCU is used to access it
 *      from the readers.
 *    o All the other fields are protected by the @bfqd queue lock.
 */
struct bfq_group {
	/* must be the first member */
	struct blkg_policy_data pd;

	struct bfq_entity entity;
	struct bfq_sched_data sched_data;

	void *bfqd;

	struct bfq_queue *async_bfqq[2][IOPRIO_BE_NR];
	struct bfq_queue *async_idle_bfqq;

	struct bfq_entity *my_entity;

	struct bfqg_stats stats;
};

#else
struct bfq_group {
	struct bfq_sched_data sched_data;

	struct bfq_queue *async_bfqq[2][IOPRIO_BE_NR];
	struct bfq_queue *async_idle_bfqq;

	struct rb_root rq_pos_tree;
};
#endif

static struct bfq_queue *bfq_entity_to_bfqq(struct bfq_entity *entity);

static unsigned int bfq_class_idx(struct bfq_entity *entity)
{
	struct bfq_queue *bfqq = bfq_entity_to_bfqq(entity);

	return bfqq ? bfqq->ioprio_class - 1 :
		BFQ_DEFAULT_GRP_CLASS - 1;
}

static struct bfq_service_tree *
bfq_entity_service_tree(struct bfq_entity *entity)
{
	struct bfq_sched_data *sched_data = entity->sched_data;
	unsigned int idx = bfq_class_idx(entity);

	return sched_data->service_tree + idx;
}

static struct bfq_queue *bic_to_bfqq(struct bfq_io_cq *bic, bool is_sync)
{
	return bic->bfqq[is_sync];
}

static void bic_set_bfqq(struct bfq_io_cq *bic, struct bfq_queue *bfqq,
			 bool is_sync)
{
	bic->bfqq[is_sync] = bfqq;
}

static struct bfq_data *bic_to_bfqd(struct bfq_io_cq *bic)
{
	return bic->icq.q->elevator->elevator_data;
}

static void bfq_check_ioprio_change(struct bfq_io_cq *bic, struct bio *bio);
static void bfq_put_queue(struct bfq_queue *bfqq);
static struct bfq_queue *bfq_get_queue(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
				       struct bio *bio, bool is_sync,
				       struct bfq_io_cq *bic);
static void bfq_put_async_queues(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_group *bfqg);
static void bfq_exit_bfqq(struct bfq_data *bfqd, struct bfq_queue *bfqq);

/* Expiration time of sync (0) and async (1) requests, in ns. */
static const u64 bfq_fifo_expire[2] = { NSEC_PER_SEC / 4, NSEC_PER_SEC / 8 };

/* Maximum backwards seek (magic number lifted from CFQ), in KiB. */
static const int bfq_back_max = 16 * 1024;

/* Penalty of a backwards seek, in number of sectors. */
static const int bfq_back_penalty = 2;

/* Idling period duration, in ns. */
static u64 bfq_slice_idle = NSEC_PER_SEC / 125;

/* Minimum number of assigned budgets for which stats are safe to compute. */
static const int bfq_stats_min_budgets = 194;

/* Default maximum budget values, in sectors and number of requests. */
static const int bfq_default_max_budget = 16 * 1024;

/* Default timeout values, in jiffies, approximating CFQ defaults. */
static const int bfq_timeout = HZ / 8;

static struct kmem_cache *bfq_pool;

/* Below this threshold (in ns), we consider thinktime immediate. */
#define BFQ_MIN_TT		(2 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)

/* hw_tag detection: parallel requests threshold and min samples needed. */
#define BFQ_HW_QUEUE_THRESHOLD	4
#define BFQ_HW_QUEUE_SAMPLES	32

#define BFQQ_SEEK_THR		(sector_t)(8 * 100)
#define BFQQ_SECT_THR_NONROT	(sector_t)(2 * 32)
#define BFQQ_CLOSE_THR		(sector_t)(8 * 1024)
#define BFQQ_SEEKY(bfqq)	(hweight32(bfqq->seek_history) > 32/8)

/* Min number of samples required to perform peak-rate update */
#define BFQ_RATE_MIN_SAMPLES	32
/* Min observation time interval required to perform a peak-rate update (ns) */
#define BFQ_RATE_MIN_INTERVAL	(300*NSEC_PER_MSEC)
/* Target observation time interval for a peak-rate update (ns) */
#define BFQ_RATE_REF_INTERVAL	NSEC_PER_SEC

/* Shift used for peak rate fixed precision calculations. */
#define BFQ_RATE_SHIFT		16

#define BFQ_SERVICE_TREE_INIT	((struct bfq_service_tree)		\
				{ RB_ROOT, RB_ROOT, NULL, NULL, 0, 0 })

#define RQ_BIC(rq)		((struct bfq_io_cq *) (rq)->elv.priv[0])
#define RQ_BFQQ(rq)		((rq)->elv.priv[1])

/**
 * icq_to_bic - convert iocontext queue structure to bfq_io_cq.
 * @icq: the iocontext queue.
 */
static struct bfq_io_cq *icq_to_bic(struct io_cq *icq)
{
	/* bic->icq is the first member, %NULL will convert to %NULL */
	return container_of(icq, struct bfq_io_cq, icq);
}

/**
 * bfq_bic_lookup - search into @ioc a bic associated to @bfqd.
 * @bfqd: the lookup key.
 * @ioc: the io_context of the process doing I/O.
 * @q: the request queue.
 */
static struct bfq_io_cq *bfq_bic_lookup(struct bfq_data *bfqd,
					struct io_context *ioc,
					struct request_queue *q)
{
	if (ioc) {
		unsigned long flags;
		struct bfq_io_cq *icq;

		spin_lock_irqsave(q->queue_lock, flags);
		icq = icq_to_bic(ioc_lookup_icq(ioc, q));
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(q->queue_lock, flags);

		return icq;
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Scheduler run of queue, if there are requests pending and no one in the
 * driver that will restart queueing.
 */
static void bfq_schedule_dispatch(struct bfq_data *bfqd)
{
	if (bfqd->queued != 0) {
		bfq_log(bfqd, "schedule dispatch");
		blk_mq_run_hw_queues(bfqd->queue, true);
	}
}

/**
 * bfq_gt - compare two timestamps.
 * @a: first ts.
 * @b: second ts.
 *
 * Return @a > @b, dealing with wrapping correctly.
 */
static int bfq_gt(u64 a, u64 b)
{
	return (s64)(a - b) > 0;
}

static struct bfq_entity *bfq_root_active_entity(struct rb_root *tree)
{
	struct rb_node *node = tree->rb_node;

	return rb_entry(node, struct bfq_entity, rb_node);
}

static struct bfq_entity *bfq_lookup_next_entity(struct bfq_sched_data *sd);

static bool bfq_update_parent_budget(struct bfq_entity *next_in_service);

/**
 * bfq_update_next_in_service - update sd->next_in_service
 * @sd: sched_data for which to perform the update.
 * @new_entity: if not NULL, pointer to the entity whose activation,
 *		requeueing or repositionig triggered the invocation of
 *		this function.
 *
 * This function is called to update sd->next_in_service, which, in
 * its turn, may change as a consequence of the insertion or
 * extraction of an entity into/from one of the active trees of
 * sd. These insertions/extractions occur as a consequence of
 * activations/deactivations of entities, with some activations being
 * 'true' activations, and other activations being requeueings (i.e.,
 * implementing the second, requeueing phase of the mechanism used to
 * reposition an entity in its active tree; see comments on
 * __bfq_activate_entity and __bfq_requeue_entity for details). In
 * both the last two activation sub-cases, new_entity points to the
 * just activated or requeued entity.
 *
 * Returns true if sd->next_in_service changes in such a way that
 * entity->parent may become the next_in_service for its parent
 * entity.
 */
static bool bfq_update_next_in_service(struct bfq_sched_data *sd,
				       struct bfq_entity *new_entity)
{
	struct bfq_entity *next_in_service = sd->next_in_service;
	bool parent_sched_may_change = false;

	/*
	 * If this update is triggered by the activation, requeueing
	 * or repositiong of an entity that does not coincide with
	 * sd->next_in_service, then a full lookup in the active tree
	 * can be avoided. In fact, it is enough to check whether the
	 * just-modified entity has a higher priority than
	 * sd->next_in_service, or, even if it has the same priority
	 * as sd->next_in_service, is eligible and has a lower virtual
	 * finish time than sd->next_in_service. If this compound
	 * condition holds, then the new entity becomes the new
	 * next_in_service. Otherwise no change is needed.
	 */
	if (new_entity && new_entity != sd->next_in_service) {
		/*
		 * Flag used to decide whether to replace
		 * sd->next_in_service with new_entity. Tentatively
		 * set to true, and left as true if
		 * sd->next_in_service is NULL.
		 */
		bool replace_next = true;

		/*
		 * If there is already a next_in_service candidate
		 * entity, then compare class priorities or timestamps
		 * to decide whether to replace sd->service_tree with
		 * new_entity.
		 */
		if (next_in_service) {
			unsigned int new_entity_class_idx =
				bfq_class_idx(new_entity);
			struct bfq_service_tree *st =
				sd->service_tree + new_entity_class_idx;

			/*
			 * For efficiency, evaluate the most likely
			 * sub-condition first.
			 */
			replace_next =
				(new_entity_class_idx ==
				 bfq_class_idx(next_in_service)
				 &&
				 !bfq_gt(new_entity->start, st->vtime)
				 &&
				 bfq_gt(next_in_service->finish,
					new_entity->finish))
				||
				new_entity_class_idx <
				bfq_class_idx(next_in_service);
		}

		if (replace_next)
			next_in_service = new_entity;
	} else /* invoked because of a deactivation: lookup needed */
		next_in_service = bfq_lookup_next_entity(sd);

	if (next_in_service) {
		parent_sched_may_change = !sd->next_in_service ||
			bfq_update_parent_budget(next_in_service);
	}

	sd->next_in_service = next_in_service;

	if (!next_in_service)
		return parent_sched_may_change;

	return parent_sched_may_change;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_BFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
/* both next loops stop at one of the child entities of the root group */
#define for_each_entity(entity)	\
	for (; entity ; entity = entity->parent)

/*
 * For each iteration, compute parent in advance, so as to be safe if
 * entity is deallocated during the iteration. Such a deallocation may
 * happen as a consequence of a bfq_put_queue that frees the bfq_queue
 * containing entity.
 */
#define for_each_entity_safe(entity, parent) \
	for (; entity && ({ parent = entity->parent; 1; }); entity = parent)

/*
 * Returns true if this budget changes may let next_in_service->parent
 * become the next_in_service entity for its parent entity.
 */
static bool bfq_update_parent_budget(struct bfq_entity *next_in_service)
{
	struct bfq_entity *bfqg_entity;
	struct bfq_group *bfqg;
	struct bfq_sched_data *group_sd;
	bool ret = false;

	group_sd = next_in_service->sched_data;

	bfqg = container_of(group_sd, struct bfq_group, sched_data);
	/*
	 * bfq_group's my_entity field is not NULL only if the group
	 * is not the root group. We must not touch the root entity
	 * as it must never become an in-service entity.
	 */
	bfqg_entity = bfqg->my_entity;
	if (bfqg_entity) {
		if (bfqg_entity->budget > next_in_service->budget)
			ret = true;
		bfqg_entity->budget = next_in_service->budget;
	}

	return ret;
}

/*
 * This function tells whether entity stops being a candidate for next
 * service, according to the following logic.