CMA allocation should be guaranteed to succeed by definition, but,
unfortunately, it would be failed sometimes.  It is hard to track down
the problem, because it is related to page reference manipulation and we
don't have any facility to analyze it.

This patch adds tracepoints to track down page reference manipulation.
With it, we can find exact reason of failure and can fix the problem.
Following is an example of tracepoint output.  (note: this example is
stale version that printing flags as the number.  Recent version will
print it as human readable string.)

<...>-9018  [004]    92.678375: page_ref_set:         pfn=0x17ac9 flags=0x0 count=1 mapcount=0 mapping=(nil) mt=4 val=1
<...>-9018  [004]    92.678378: kernel_stack:
 => get_page_from_freelist (ffffffff81176659)
 => __alloc_pages_nodemask (ffffffff81176d22)
 => alloc_pages_vma (ffffffff811bf675)
 => handle_mm_fault (ffffffff8119e693)
 => __do_page_fault (ffffffff810631ea)
 => trace_do_page_fault (ffffffff81063543)
 => do_async_page_fault (ffffffff8105c40a)
 => async_page_fault (ffffffff817581d8)
[snip]
<...>-9018  [004]    92.678379: page_ref_mod:         pfn=0x17ac9 flags=0x40048 count=2 mapcount=1 mapping=0xffff880015a78dc1 mt=4 val=1
[snip]
...
...
<...>-9131  [001]    93.174468: test_pages_isolated:  start_pfn=0x17800 end_pfn=0x17c00 fin_pfn=0x17ac9 ret=fail
[snip]
<...>-9018  [004]    93.174843: page_ref_mod_and_test: pfn=0x17ac9 flags=0x40068 count=0 mapcount=0 mapping=0xffff880015a78dc1 mt=4 val=-1 ret=1
 => release_pages (ffffffff8117c9e4)
 => free_pages_and_swap_cache (ffffffff811b0697)
 => tlb_flush_mmu_free (ffffffff81199616)
 => tlb_finish_mmu (ffffffff8119a62c)
 => exit_mmap (ffffffff811a53f7)
 => mmput (ffffffff81073f47)
 => do_exit (ffffffff810794e9)
 => do_group_exit (ffffffff81079def)
 => SyS_exit_group (ffffffff81079e74)
 => entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath (ffffffff817560b6)

This output shows that problem comes from exit path.  In exit path, to
improve performance, pages are not freed immediately.  They are gathered
and processed by batch.  During this process, migration cannot be
possible and CMA allocation is failed.  This problem is hard to find
without this page reference tracepoint facility.

Enabling this feature bloat kernel text 30 KB in my configuration.

   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
12127327        2243616 1507328 15878271         f2487f vmlinux_disabled
12157208        2258880 1507328 15923416         f2f8d8 vmlinux_enabled

Note that, due to header file dependency problem between mm.h and
tracepoint.h, this feature has to open code the static key functions for
tracepoints.  Proposed by Steven Rostedt in following link.

https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/12/9/699



[arnd@arndb.de: crypto/async_pq: use __free_page() instead of put_page()]
[iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com: fix build failure for xtensa]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak Kconfig text, per Vlastimil]
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky.work@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

By default, page poisoning uses a poison value (0xaa) on free.  If this
is changed to 0, the page is not only sanitized but zeroing on alloc
with __GFP_ZERO can be skipped as well.  The tradeoff is that detecting
corruption from the poisoning is harder to detect.  This feature also
cannot be used with hibernation since pages are not guaranteed to be
zeroed after hibernation.

Credit to Grsecurity/PaX team for inspiring this work

Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Page poisoning is currently set up as a feature if architectures don't
have architecture debug page_alloc to allow unmapping of pages.  It has
uses apart from that though.  Clearing of the pages on free provides an
increase in security as it helps to limit the risk of information leaks.
Allow page poisoning to be enabled as a separate option independent of
kernel_map pages since the two features do separate work.  Because of
how hiberanation is implemented, the checks on alloc cannot occur if
hibernation is enabled.  The runtime alloc checks can also be enabled
with an option when !HIBERNATION.

Credit to Grsecurity/PaX team for inspiring this work

Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since commit 031bc574 ("mm/debug-pagealloc: make debug-pagealloc
boottime configurable") CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is by default not adding
any page debugging.

This resulted in several unnoticed bugs, e.g.

    https://lkml.kernel.org/g/<569F5E29.3090107@de.ibm.com>
or
    https://lkml.kernel.org/g/<56A20F30.4050705@de.ibm.com

>

as this behaviour change was not even documented in Kconfig.

Let's provide a new Kconfig symbol that allows to change the default
back to enabled, e.g.  for debug kernels.  This also makes the change
obvious to kernel packagers.

Let's also change the Kconfig description for CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, to
indicate that there are two stages of overhead.

Signed-off-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

These are obsolete since commit e30825f1 ("mm/debug-pagealloc:
prepare boottime configurable") was merged.  So remove them.

[pebolle@tiscali.nl: find obsolete Kconfig options]
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Paul Bolle <pebolle@tiscali.nl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Jungsoo Son <jungsoo.son@lge.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Until now, debug-pagealloc needs extra flags in struct page, so we need to
recompile whole source code when we decide to use it.  This is really
painful, because it takes some time to recompile and sometimes rebuild is
not possible due to third party module depending on struct page.  So, we
can't use this good feature in many cases.

Now, we have the page extension feature that allows us to insert extra
flags to outside of struct page.  This gets rid of third party module
issue mentioned above.  And, this allows us to determine if we need extra
memory for this page extension in boottime.  With these property, we can
avoid using debug-pagealloc in boottime with low computational overhead in
the kernel built with CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC.  This will help our
development process greatly.

This patch is the preparation step to achive above goal.  debug-pagealloc
originally uses extra field of struct page, but, after this patch, it will
use field of struct page_ext.  Because memory for page_ext is allocated
later than initialization of page allocator in CONFIG_SPARSEMEM, we should
disable debug-pagealloc feature temporarily until initialization of
page_ext.  This patch implements this.

Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Jungsoo Son <jungsoo.son@lge.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When we debug something, we'd like to insert some information to every
page.  For this purpose, we sometimes modify struct page itself.  But,
this has drawbacks.  First, it requires re-compile.  This makes us
hesitate to use the powerful debug feature so development process is
slowed down.  And, second, sometimes it is impossible to rebuild the
kernel due to third party module dependency.  At third, system behaviour
would be largely different after re-compile, because it changes size of
struct page greatly and this structure is accessed by every part of
kernel.  Keeping this as it is would be better to reproduce errornous
situation.

This feature is intended to overcome above mentioned problems.  This
feature allocates memory for extended data per page in certain place
rather than the struct page itself.  This memory can be accessed by the
accessor functions provided by this code.  During the boot process, it
checks whether allocation of huge chunk of memory is needed or not.  If
not, it avoids allocating memory at all.  With this advantage, we can
include this feature into the kernel in default and can avoid rebuild and
solve related problems.

Until now, memcg uses this technique.  But, now, memcg decides to embed
their variable to struct page itself and it's code to extend struct page
has been removed.  I'd like to use this code to develop debug feature, so
this patch resurrect it.

To help these things to work well, this patch introduces two callbacks for
clients.  One is the need callback which is mandatory if user wants to
avoid useless memory allocation at boot-time.  The other is optional, init
callback, which is used to do proper initialization after memory is
allocated.  Detailed explanation about purpose of these functions is in
code comment.  Please refer it.

Others are completely same with previous extension code in memcg.

Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Jungsoo Son <jungsoo.son@lge.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

With CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC configured, the CPU will generate an exception
on access (read,write) to an unallocated page, which permits us to catch
code which corrupts memory.  However the kernel is trying to maximise
memory usage, hence there are usually few free pages in the system and
buggy code usually corrupts some crucial data.

This patch changes the buddy allocator to keep more free/protected pages
and to interlace free/protected and allocated pages to increase the
probability of catching corruption.

When the kernel is compiled with CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC,
debug_guardpage_minorder defines the minimum order used by the page
allocator to grant a request.  The requested size will be returned with
the remaining pages used as guard pages.

The default value of debug_guardpage_minorder is zero: no change from
current behaviour.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak documentation, s/flg/flag/]
Signed-off-by: Stanislaw Gruszka <sgruszka@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix kconfig dependency warning to satisfy dependencies:

warning: (PAGE_POISONING) selects DEBUG_PAGEALLOC which has unmet
direct dependencies (DEBUG_KERNEL && ARCH_SUPPORTS_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC &&
(!HIBERNATION || !PPC && !SPARC) && !KMEMCHECK)

Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Improve the help text for PAGE_POISONING.
Also fix some typos and improve consistency within the file.

Signed-of-by: Frans Pop <elendil@planet.nl>

Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

let it rip!

Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

[rebased for mainline inclusion]
Signed-off-by: Vegard Nossum <vegardno@ifi.uio.no>

This fixes a build failure with generic debug pagealloc:

  mm/debug-pagealloc.c: In function 'set_page_poison':
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c:8: error: 'struct page' has no member named 'debug_flags'
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c: In function 'clear_page_poison':
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c:13: error: 'struct page' has no member named 'debug_flags'
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c: In function 'page_poison':
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c:18: error: 'struct page' has no member named 'debug_flags'
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c: At top level:
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c:120: error: redefinition of 'kernel_map_pages'
  include/linux/mm.h:1278: error: previous definition of 'kernel_map_pages' was here
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c: In function 'kernel_map_pages':
  mm/debug-pagealloc.c:122: error: 'debug_pagealloc_enabled' undeclared (first use in this function)

by fixing

 - debug_flags should be in struct page
 - define DEBUG_PAGEALLOC config option for all architectures

Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is now supported by x86, powerpc, sparc64, and
s390.  This patch implements it for the rest of the architectures by
filling the pages with poison byte patterns after free_pages() and
verifying the poison patterns before alloc_pages().

This generic one cannot detect invalid page accesses immediately but
invalid read access may cause invalid dereference by poisoned memory and
invalid write access can be detected after a long delay.

Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>