page_alloc.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *  linux/mm/page_alloc.c
 *
 *  Manages the free list, the system allocates free pages here.
 *  Note that kmalloc() lives in slab.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 *  Swap reorganised 29.12.95, Stephen Tweedie
 *  Support of BIGMEM added by Gerhard Wichert, Siemens AG, July 1999
 *  Reshaped it to be a zoned allocator, Ingo Molnar, Red Hat, 1999
 *  Discontiguous memory support, Kanoj Sarcar, SGI, Nov 1999
 *  Zone balancing, Kanoj Sarcar, SGI, Jan 2000
 *  Per cpu hot/cold page lists, bulk allocation, Martin J. Bligh, Sept 2002
 *          (lots of bits borrowed from Ingo Molnar & Andrew Morton)
 */

#include <linux/stddef.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#include <linux/memblock.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/kasan.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/suspend.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
#include <linux/oom.h>
#include <linux/topology.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/cpuset.h>
#include <linux/memory_hotplug.h>
#include <linux/nodemask.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/mempolicy.h>
#include <linux/memremap.h>
#include <linux/stop_machine.h>
#include <linux/random.h>
#include <linux/sort.h>
#include <linux/pfn.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/fault-inject.h>
#include <linux/page-isolation.h>
#include <linux/debugobjects.h>
#include <linux/kmemleak.h>
#include <linux/compaction.h>
#include <trace/events/kmem.h>
#include <trace/events/oom.h>
#include <linux/prefetch.h>
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/sched/rt.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <linux/page_owner.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/ftrace.h>
#include <linux/lockdep.h>
#include <linux/nmi.h>
#include <linux/psi.h>
#include <linux/padata.h>
#include <linux/khugepaged.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include <asm/sections.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/div64.h>
#include "internal.h"
#include "shuffle.h"
#include "page_reporting.h"

/* Free Page Internal flags: for internal, non-pcp variants of free_pages(). */
typedef int __bitwise fpi_t;

/* No special request */
#define FPI_NONE		((__force fpi_t)0)

/*
 * Skip free page reporting notification for the (possibly merged) page.
 * This does not hinder free page reporting from grabbing the page,
 * reporting it and marking it "reported" -  it only skips notifying
 * the free page reporting infrastructure about a newly freed page. For
 * example, used when temporarily pulling a page from a freelist and
 * putting it back unmodified.
 */
#define FPI_SKIP_REPORT_NOTIFY	((__force fpi_t)BIT(0))

/*
 * Place the (possibly merged) page to the tail of the freelist. Will ignore
 * page shuffling (relevant code - e.g., memory onlining - is expected to
 * shuffle the whole zone).
 *
 * Note: No code should rely on this flag for correctness - it's purely
 *       to allow for optimizations when handing back either fresh pages
 *       (memory onlining) or untouched pages (page isolation, free page
 *       reporting).
 */
#define FPI_TO_TAIL		((__force fpi_t)BIT(1))

/*
 * Don't poison memory with KASAN (only for the tag-based modes).
 * During boot, all non-reserved memblock memory is exposed to page_alloc.
 * Poisoning all that memory lengthens boot time, especially on systems with
 * large amount of RAM. This flag is used to skip that poisoning.
 * This is only done for the tag-based KASAN modes, as those are able to
 * detect memory corruptions with the memory tags assigned by default.
 * All memory allocated normally after boot gets poisoned as usual.
 */
#define FPI_SKIP_KASAN_POISON	((__force fpi_t)BIT(2))

/* prevent >1 _updater_ of zone percpu pageset ->high and ->batch fields */
static DEFINE_MUTEX(pcp_batch_high_lock);
#define MIN_PERCPU_PAGELIST_FRACTION	(8)

#ifdef CONFIG_USE_PERCPU_NUMA_NODE_ID
DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, numa_node);
EXPORT_PER_CPU_SYMBOL(numa_node);
#endif

DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(vm_numa_stat_key);

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES
/*
 * N.B., Do NOT reference the '_numa_mem_' per cpu variable directly.
 * It will not be defined when CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES is not defined.
 * Use the accessor functions set_numa_mem(), numa_mem_id() and cpu_to_mem()
 * defined in <linux/topology.h>.
 */
DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, _numa_mem_);		/* Kernel "local memory" node */
EXPORT_PER_CPU_SYMBOL(_numa_mem_);
#endif

/* work_structs for global per-cpu drains */
struct pcpu_drain {
	struct zone *zone;
	struct work_struct work;
};
static DEFINE_MUTEX(pcpu_drain_mutex);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pcpu_drain, pcpu_drain);

#ifdef CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_LATENT_ENTROPY
volatile unsigned long latent_entropy __latent_entropy;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(latent_entropy);
#endif

/*
 * Array of node states.
 */
nodemask_t node_states[NR_NODE_STATES] __read_mostly = {
	[N_POSSIBLE] = NODE_MASK_ALL,
	[N_ONLINE] = { { [0] = 1UL } },
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
	[N_NORMAL_MEMORY] = { { [0] = 1UL } },
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
	[N_HIGH_MEMORY] = { { [0] = 1UL } },
#endif
	[N_MEMORY] = { { [0] = 1UL } },
	[N_CPU] = { { [0] = 1UL } },
#endif	/* NUMA */
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(node_states);

atomic_long_t _totalram_pages __read_mostly;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(_totalram_pages);
unsigned long totalreserve_pages __read_mostly;
unsigned long totalcma_pages __read_mostly;

int percpu_pagelist_fraction;
gfp_t gfp_allowed_mask __read_mostly = GFP_BOOT_MASK;
DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON, init_on_alloc);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_on_alloc);

DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON, init_on_free);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_on_free);

static bool _init_on_alloc_enabled_early __read_mostly
				= IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON);
static int __init early_init_on_alloc(char *buf)
{

	return kstrtobool(buf, &_init_on_alloc_enabled_early);
}
early_param("init_on_alloc", early_init_on_alloc);

static bool _init_on_free_enabled_early __read_mostly
				= IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON);
static int __init early_init_on_free(char *buf)
{
	return kstrtobool(buf, &_init_on_free_enabled_early);
}
early_param("init_on_free", early_init_on_free);

/*
 * A cached value of the page's pageblock's migratetype, used when the page is
 * put on a pcplist. Used to avoid the pageblock migratetype lookup when
 * freeing from pcplists in most cases, at the cost of possibly becoming stale.
 * Also the migratetype set in the page does not necessarily match the pcplist
 * index, e.g. page might have MIGRATE_CMA set but be on a pcplist with any
 * other index - this ensures that it will be put on the correct CMA freelist.
 */
static inline int get_pcppage_migratetype(struct page *page)
{
	return page->index;
}

static inline void set_pcppage_migratetype(struct page *page, int migratetype)
{
	page->index = migratetype;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
/*
 * The following functions are used by the suspend/hibernate code to temporarily
 * change gfp_allowed_mask in order to avoid using I/O during memory allocations
 * while devices are suspended.  To avoid races with the suspend/hibernate code,
 * they should always be called with system_transition_mutex held
 * (gfp_allowed_mask also should only be modified with system_transition_mutex
 * held, unless the suspend/hibernate code is guaranteed not to run in parallel
 * with that modification).
 */

static gfp_t saved_gfp_mask;

void pm_restore_gfp_mask(void)
{
	WARN_ON(!mutex_is_locked(&system_transition_mutex));
	if (saved_gfp_mask) {
		gfp_allowed_mask = saved_gfp_mask;
		saved_gfp_mask = 0;
	}
}

void pm_restrict_gfp_mask(void)
{
	WARN_ON(!mutex_is_locked(&system_transition_mutex));
	WARN_ON(saved_gfp_mask);
	saved_gfp_mask = gfp_allowed_mask;
	gfp_allowed_mask &= ~(__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS);
}

bool pm_suspended_storage(void)
{
	if ((gfp_allowed_mask & (__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)) == (__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS))
		return false;
	return true;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_PM_SLEEP */

#ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_SIZE_VARIABLE
unsigned int pageblock_order __read_mostly;
#endif

static void __free_pages_ok(struct page *page, unsigned int order,
			    fpi_t fpi_flags);

/*
 * results with 256, 32 in the lowmem_reserve sysctl:
 *	1G machine -> (16M dma, 800M-16M normal, 1G-800M high)
 *	1G machine -> (16M dma, 784M normal, 224M high)
 *	NORMAL allocation will leave 784M/256 of ram reserved in the ZONE_DMA
 *	HIGHMEM allocation will leave 224M/32 of ram reserved in ZONE_NORMAL
 *	HIGHMEM allocation will leave (224M+784M)/256 of ram reserved in ZONE_DMA
 *
 * TBD: should special case ZONE_DMA32 machines here - in those we normally
 * don't need any ZONE_NORMAL reservation
 */
int sysctl_lowmem_reserve_ratio[MAX_NR_ZONES] = {
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
	[ZONE_DMA] = 256,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
	[ZONE_DMA32] = 256,
#endif
	[ZONE_NORMAL] = 32,
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
	[ZONE_HIGHMEM] = 0,
#endif
	[ZONE_MOVABLE] = 0,
};

static char * const zone_names[MAX_NR_ZONES] = {
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
	 "DMA",
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
	 "DMA32",
#endif
	 "Normal",
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
	 "HighMem",
#endif
	 "Movable",
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE
	 "Device",
#endif
};

const char * const migratetype_names[MIGRATE_TYPES] = {
	"Unmovable",
	"Movable",
	"Reclaimable",
	"HighAtomic",
#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
	"CMA",
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION
	"Isolate",
#endif
};

compound_page_dtor * const compound_page_dtors[NR_COMPOUND_DTORS] = {
	[NULL_COMPOUND_DTOR] = NULL,
	[COMPOUND_PAGE_DTOR] = free_compound_page,
#ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
	[HUGETLB_PAGE_DTOR] = free_huge_page,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
	[TRANSHUGE_PAGE_DTOR] = free_transhuge_page,
#endif
};

int min_free_kbytes = 1024;
int user_min_free_kbytes = -1;
#ifdef CONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM
/*
 * DiscontigMem defines memory ranges as separate pg_data_t even if the ranges
 * are not on separate NUMA nodes. Functionally this works but with
 * watermark_boost_factor, it can reclaim prematurely as the ranges can be
 * quite small. By default, do not boost watermarks on discontigmem as in
 * many cases very high-order allocations like THP are likely to be
 * unsupported and the premature reclaim offsets the advantage of long-term
 * fragmentation avoidance.
 */
int watermark_boost_factor __read_mostly;
#else
int watermark_boost_factor __read_mostly = 15000;
#endif
int watermark_scale_factor = 10;

static unsigned long nr_kernel_pages __initdata;
static unsigned long nr_all_pages __initdata;
static unsigned long dma_reserve __initdata;

static unsigned long arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] __initdata;
static unsigned long arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[MAX_NR_ZONES] __initdata;
static unsigned long required_kernelcore __initdata;
static unsigned long required_kernelcore_percent __initdata;
static unsigned long required_movablecore __initdata;
static unsigned long required_movablecore_percent __initdata;
static unsigned long zone_movable_pfn[MAX_NUMNODES] __initdata;
static bool mirrored_kernelcore __meminitdata;

/* movable_zone is the "real" zone pages in ZONE_MOVABLE are taken from */
int movable_zone;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(movable_zone);

#if MAX_NUMNODES > 1
unsigned int nr_node_ids __read_mostly = MAX_NUMNODES;
unsigned int nr_online_nodes __read_mostly = 1;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_node_ids);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_online_nodes);
#endif

int page_group_by_mobility_disabled __read_mostly;

#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
/*
 * During boot we initialize deferred pages on-demand, as needed, but once
 * page_alloc_init_late() has finished, the deferred pages are all initialized,
 * and we can permanently disable that path.
 */
static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(deferred_pages);

/*
 * Calling kasan_free_pages() only after deferred memory initialization
 * has completed. Poisoning pages during deferred memory init will greatly
 * lengthen the process and cause problem in large memory systems as the
 * deferred pages initialization is done with interrupt disabled.
 *
 * Assuming that there will be no reference to those newly initialized
 * pages before they are ever allocated, this should have no effect on
 * KASAN memory tracking as the poison will be properly inserted at page
 * allocation time. The only corner case is when pages are allocated by
 * on-demand allocation and then freed again before the deferred pages
 * initialization is done, but this is not likely to happen.
 */
static inline void kasan_free_nondeferred_pages(struct page *page, int order,
						bool init, fpi_t fpi_flags)
{
	if (static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages))
		return;
	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC) &&
			(fpi_flags & FPI_SKIP_KASAN_POISON))
		return;
	kasan_free_pages(page, order, init);
}

/* Returns true if the struct page for the pfn is uninitialised */
static inline bool __meminit early_page_uninitialised(unsigned long pfn)
{
	int nid = early_pfn_to_nid(pfn);

	if (node_online(nid) && pfn >= NODE_DATA(nid)->first_deferred_pfn)
		return true;

	return false;
}

/*
 * Returns true when the remaining initialisation should be deferred until
 * later in the boot cycle when it can be parallelised.
 */
static bool __meminit
defer_init(int nid, unsigned long pfn, unsigned long end_pfn)
{
	static unsigned long prev_end_pfn, nr_initialised;

	/*
	 * prev_end_pfn static that contains the end of previous zone
	 * No need to protect because called very early in boot before smp_init.
	 */
	if (prev_end_pfn != end_pfn) {
		prev_end_pfn = end_pfn;
		nr_initialised = 0;
	}

	/* Always populate low zones for address-constrained allocations */
	if (end_pfn < pgdat_end_pfn(NODE_DATA(nid)))
		return false;

	if (NODE_DATA(nid)->first_deferred_pfn != ULONG_MAX)
		return true;
	/*
	 * We start only with one section of pages, more pages are added as
	 * needed until the rest of deferred pages are initialized.
	 */
	nr_initialised++;
	if ((nr_initialised > PAGES_PER_SECTION) &&
	    (pfn & (PAGES_PER_SECTION - 1)) == 0) {
		NODE_DATA(nid)->first_deferred_pfn = pfn;
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}
#else
static inline void kasan_free_nondeferred_pages(struct page *page, int order,
						bool init, fpi_t fpi_flags)
{
	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC) &&
			(fpi_flags & FPI_SKIP_KASAN_POISON))
		return;
	kasan_free_pages(page, order, init);
}

static inline bool early_page_uninitialised(unsigned long pfn)
{
	return false;
}

static inline bool defer_init(int nid, unsigned long pfn, unsigned long end_pfn)
{
	return false;
}
#endif

/* Return a pointer to the bitmap storing bits affecting a block of pages */
static inline unsigned long *get_pageblock_bitmap(struct page *page,
							unsigned long pfn)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM
	return section_to_usemap(__pfn_to_section(pfn));
#else
	return page_zone(page)->pageblock_flags;
#endif /* CONFIG_SPARSEMEM */
}

static inline int pfn_to_bitidx(struct page *page, unsigned long pfn)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM
	pfn &= (PAGES_PER_SECTION-1);
#else
	pfn = pfn - round_down(page_zone(page)->zone_start_pfn, pageblock_nr_pages);
#endif /* CONFIG_SPARSEMEM */
	return (pfn >> pageblock_order) * NR_PAGEBLOCK_BITS;
}

static __always_inline
unsigned long __get_pfnblock_flags_mask(struct page *page,
					unsigned long pfn,
					unsigned long mask)
{
	unsigned long *bitmap;
	unsigned long bitidx, word_bitidx;
	unsigned long word;

	bitmap = get_pageblock_bitmap(page, pfn);
	bitidx = pfn_to_bitidx(page, pfn);
	word_bitidx = bitidx / BITS_PER_LONG;
	bitidx &= (BITS_PER_LONG-1);

	word = bitmap[word_bitidx];
	return (word >> bitidx) & mask;
}

/**
 * get_pfnblock_flags_mask - Return the requested group of flags for the pageblock_nr_pages block of pages
 * @page: The page within the block of interest
 * @pfn: The target page frame number
 * @mask: mask of bits that the caller is interested in
 *
 * Return: pageblock_bits flags
 */
unsigned long get_pfnblock_flags_mask(struct page *page, unsigned long pfn,
					unsigned long mask)
{
	return __get_pfnblock_flags_mask(page, pfn, mask);
}

static __always_inline int get_pfnblock_migratetype(struct page *page, unsigned long pfn)
{
	return __get_pfnblock_flags_mask(page, pfn, MIGRATETYPE_MASK);
}

/**
 * set_pfnblock_flags_mask - Set the requested group of flags for a pageblock_nr_pages block of pages
 * @page: The page within the block of interest
 * @flags: The flags to set
 * @pfn: The target page frame number
 * @mask: mask of bits that the caller is interested in
 */
void set_pfnblock_flags_mask(struct page *page, unsigned long flags,
					unsigned long pfn,
					unsigned long mask)
{
	unsigned long *bitmap;
	unsigned long bitidx, word_bitidx;
	unsigned long old_word, word;

	BUILD_BUG_ON(NR_PAGEBLOCK_BITS != 4);
	BUILD_BUG_ON(MIGRATE_TYPES > (1 << PB_migratetype_bits));

	bitmap = get_pageblock_bitmap(page, pfn);
	bitidx = pfn_to_bitidx(page, pfn);
	word_bitidx = bitidx / BITS_PER_LONG;
	bitidx &= (BITS_PER_LONG-1);

	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!zone_spans_pfn(page_zone(page), pfn), page);

	mask <<= bitidx;
	flags <<= bitidx;

	word = READ_ONCE(bitmap[word_bitidx]);
	for (;;) {
		old_word = cmpxchg(&bitmap[word_bitidx], word, (word & ~mask) | flags);
		if (word == old_word)
			break;
		word = old_word;
	}
}

void set_pageblock_migratetype(struct page *page, int migratetype)
{
	if (unlikely(page_group_by_mobility_disabled &&
		     migratetype < MIGRATE_PCPTYPES))
		migratetype = MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE;

	set_pfnblock_flags_mask(page, (unsigned long)migratetype,
				page_to_pfn(page), MIGRATETYPE_MASK);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
static int page_outside_zone_boundaries(struct zone *zone, struct page *page)
{
	int ret = 0;
	unsigned seq;
	unsigned long pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
	unsigned long sp, start_pfn;

	do {
		seq = zone_span_seqbegin(zone);
		start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;
		sp = zone->spanned_pages;
		if (!zone_spans_pfn(zone, pfn))
			ret = 1;
	} while (zone_span_seqretry(zone, seq));

	if (ret)
		pr_err("page 0x%lx outside node %d zone %s [ 0x%lx - 0x%lx ]\n",
			pfn, zone_to_nid(zone), zone->name,
			start_pfn, start_pfn + sp);

	return ret;
}

static int page_is_consistent(struct zone *zone, struct page *page)
{
	if (!pfn_valid_within(page_to_pfn(page)))
		return 0;
	if (zone != page_zone(page))
		return 0;

	return 1;
}
/*
 * Temporary debugging check for pages not lying within a given zone.
 */
static int __maybe_unused bad_range(struct zone *zone, struct page *page)
{
	if (page_outside_zone_boundaries(zone, page))
		return 1;
	if (!page_is_consistent(zone, page))
		return 1;

	return 0;
}
#else
static inline int __maybe_unused bad_range(struct zone *zone, struct page *page)
{
	return 0;
}
#endif

static void bad_page(struct page *page, const char *reason)
{
	static unsigned long resume;
	static unsigned long nr_shown;
	static unsigned long nr_unshown;

	/*
	 * Allow a burst of 60 reports, then keep quiet for that minute;
	 * or allow a steady drip of one report per second.
	 */
	if (nr_shown == 60) {
		if (time_before(jiffies, resume)) {
			nr_unshown++;
			goto out;
		}
		if (nr_unshown) {
			pr_alert(
			      "BUG: Bad page state: %lu messages suppressed\n",
				nr_unshown);
			nr_unshown = 0;
		}
		nr_shown = 0;
	}
	if (nr_shown++ == 0)
		resume = jiffies + 60 * HZ;

	pr_alert("BUG: Bad page state in process %s  pfn:%05lx\n",
		current->comm, page_to_pfn(page));
	dump_page(page, reason);

	print_modules();
	dump_stack();
out:
	/* Leave bad fields for debug, except PageBuddy could make trouble */
	page_mapcount_reset(page); /* remove PageBuddy */
	add_taint(TAINT_BAD_PAGE, LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE);
}

/*
 * Higher-order pages are called "compound pages".  They are structured thusly:
 *
 * The first PAGE_SIZE page is called the "head page" and have PG_head set.
 *
 * The remaining PAGE_SIZE pages are called "tail pages". PageTail() is encoded
 * in bit 0 of page->compound_head. The rest of bits is pointer to head page.
 *
 * The first tail page's ->compound_dtor holds the offset in array of compound
 * page destructors. See compound_page_dtors.
 *
 * The first tail page's ->compound_order holds the order of allocation.
 * This usage means that zero-order pages may not be compound.
 */

void free_compound_page(struct page *page)
{
	mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
	__free_pages_ok(page, compound_order(page), FPI_NONE);
}

void prep_compound_page(struct page *page, unsigned int order)
{
	int i;
	int nr_pages = 1 << order;

	__SetPageHead(page);
	for (i = 1; i < nr_pages; i++) {
		struct page *p = page + i;
		set_page_count(p, 0);
		p->mapping = TAIL_MAPPING;
		set_compound_head(p, page);
	}

	set_compound_page_dtor(page, COMPOUND_PAGE_DTOR);
	set_compound_order(page, order);
	atomic_set(compound_mapcount_ptr(page), -1);
	if (hpage_pincount_available(page))
		atomic_set(compound_pincount_ptr(page), 0);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
unsigned int _debug_guardpage_minorder;

bool _debug_pagealloc_enabled_early __read_mostly
			= IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC_ENABLE_DEFAULT);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(_debug_pagealloc_enabled_early);
DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(_debug_pagealloc_enabled);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(_debug_pagealloc_enabled);

DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(_debug_guardpage_enabled);

static int __init early_debug_pagealloc(char *buf)
{
	return kstrtobool(buf, &_debug_pagealloc_enabled_early);
}
early_param("debug_pagealloc", early_debug_pagealloc);

static int __init debug_guardpage_minorder_setup(char *buf)
{
	unsigned long res;

	if (kstrtoul(buf, 10, &res) < 0 ||  res > MAX_ORDER / 2) {
		pr_err("Bad debug_guardpage_minorder value\n");
		return 0;
	}
	_debug_guardpage_minorder = res;
	pr_info("Setting debug_guardpage_minorder to %lu\n", res);
	return 0;
}
early_param("debug_guardpage_minorder", debug_guardpage_minorder_setup);

static inline bool set_page_guard(struct zone *zone, struct page *page,
				unsigned int order, int migratetype)
{
	if (!debug_guardpage_enabled())
		return false;

	if (order >= debug_guardpage_minorder())
		return false;

	__SetPageGuard(page);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&page->lru);
	set_page_private(page, order);
	/* Guard pages are not available for any usage */
	__mod_zone_freepage_state(zone, -(1 << order), migratetype);

	return true;
}

static inline void clear_page_guard(struct zone *zone, struct page *page,
				unsigned int order, int migratetype)
{
	if (!debug_guardpage_enabled())
		return;

	__ClearPageGuard(page);

	set_page_private(page, 0);
	if (!is_migrate_isolate(migratetype))
		__mod_zone_freepage_state(zone, (1 << order), migratetype);
}
#else
static inline bool set_page_guard(struct zone *zone, struct page *page,
			unsigned int order, int migratetype) { return false; }
static inline void clear_page_guard(struct zone *zone, struct page *page,
				unsigned int order, int migratetype) {}
#endif

/*
 * Enable static keys related to various memory debugging and hardening options.
 * Some override others, and depend on early params that are evaluated in the
 * order of appearance. So we need to first gather the full picture of what was
 * enabled, and then make decisions.
 */
void init_mem_debugging_and_hardening(void)
{
	bool page_poisoning_requested = false;

#ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING
	/*
	 * Page poisoning is debug page alloc for some arches. If
	 * either of those options are enabled, enable poisoning.
	 */
	if (page_poisoning_enabled() ||
	     (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC) &&
	      debug_pagealloc_enabled())) {
		static_branch_enable(&_page_poisoning_enabled);
		page_poisoning_requested = true;
	}
#endif

	if (_init_on_alloc_enabled_early) {
		if (page_poisoning_requested)
			pr_info("mem auto-init: CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING is on, "
				"will take precedence over init_on_alloc\n");
		else
			static_branch_enable(&init_on_alloc);
	}
	if (_init_on_free_enabled_early) {
		if (page_poisoning_requested)
			pr_info("mem auto-init: CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING is on, "
				"will take precedence over init_on_free\n");
		else
			static_branch_enable(&init_on_free);
	}

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
	if (!debug_pagealloc_enabled())
		return;

	static_branch_enable(&_debug_pagealloc_enabled);

	if (!debug_guardpage_minorder())
		return;

	static_branch_enable(&_debug_guardpage_enabled);
#endif
}

static inline void set_buddy_order(struct page *page, unsigned int order)
{
	set_page_private(page, order);
	__SetPageBuddy(page);
}

/*
 * This function checks whether a page is free && is the buddy
 * we can coalesce a page and its buddy if
 * (a) the buddy is not in a hole (check before calling!) &&
 * (b) the buddy is in the buddy system &&
 * (c) a page and its buddy have the same order &&
 * (d) a page and its buddy are in the same zone.
 *
 * For recording whether a page is in the buddy system, we set PageBuddy.
 * Setting, clearing, and testing PageBuddy is serialized by zone->lock.
 *
 * For recording page's order, we use page_private(page).
 */
static inline bool page_is_buddy(struct page *page, struct page *buddy,
							unsigned int order)
{
	if (!page_is_guard(buddy) && !PageBuddy(buddy))
		return false;

	if (buddy_order(buddy) != order)
		return false;

	/*
	 * zone check is done late to avoid uselessly calculating
	 * zone/node ids for pages that could never merge.
	 */
	if (page_zone_id(page) != page_zone_id(buddy))
		return false;

	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_count(buddy) != 0, buddy);

	return true;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION
static inline struct capture_control *task_capc(struct zone *zone)
{
	struct capture_control *capc = current->capture_control;

	return unlikely(capc) &&
		!(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD) &&
		!capc->page &&
		capc->cc->zone == zone ? capc : NULL;
}

static inline bool
compaction_capture(struct capture_control *capc, struct page *page,
		   int order, int migratetype)
{
	if (!capc || order != capc->cc->order)
		return false;

	/* Do not accidentally pollute CMA or isolated regions*/
	if (is_migrate_cma(migratetype) ||
	    is_migrate_isolate(migratetype))
		return false;

	/*
	 * Do not let lower order allocations pollute a movable pageblock.
	 * This might let an unmovable request use a reclaimable pageblock
	 * and vice-versa but no more than normal fallback logic which can
	 * have trouble finding a high-order free page.
	 */
	if (order < pageblock_order && migratetype == MIGRATE_MOVABLE)
		return false;

	capc->page = page;
	return true;
}

#else
static inline struct capture_control *task_capc(struct zone *zone)
{
	return NULL;
}

static inline bool
compaction_capture(struct capture_control *capc, struct page *page,
		   int order, int migratetype)
{
	return false;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_COMPACTION */

/* Used for pages not on another list */
static inline void add_to_free_list(struct page *page, struct zone *zone,
				    unsigned int order, int migratetype)
{
	struct free_area *area = &zone->free_area[order];

	list_add(&page->lru, &area->free_list[migratetype]);
	area->nr_free++;
}

/* Used for pages not on another list */
static inline void add_to_free_list_tail(struct page *page, struct zone *zone,
					 unsigned int order, int migratetype)
{
	struct free_area *area = &zone->free_area[order];

	list_add_tail(&page->lru, &area->free_list[migratetype]);
	area->nr_free++;
}

/*
 * Used for pages which are on another list. Move the pages to the tail
 * of the list - so the moved pages won't immediately be considered for
 * allocation again (e.g., optimization for memory onlining).
 */
static inline void move_to_free_list(struct page *page, struct zone *zone,
				     unsigned int order, int migratetype)
{
	struct free_area *area = &zone->free_area[order];

	list_move_tail(&page->lru, &area->free_list[migratetype]);
}

static inline void del_page_from_free_list(struct page *page, struct zone *zone,
					   unsigned int order)
{
	/* clear reported state and update reported page count */
	if (page_reported(page))
		__ClearPageReported(page);

	list_del(&page->lru);
	__ClearPageBuddy(page);
	set_page_private(page, 0);
	zone->free_area[order].nr_free--;
}

/*
 * If this is not the largest possible page, check if the buddy
 * of the next-highest order is free. If it is, it's possible
 * that pages are being freed that will coalesce soon. In case,
 * that is happening, add the free page to the tail of the list
 * so it's less likely to be used soon and more likely to be merged
 * as a higher order page
 */
static inline bool
buddy_merge_likely(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long buddy_pfn,
		   struct page *page, unsigned int order)
{
	struct page *higher_page, *higher_buddy;
	unsigned long combined_pfn;

	if (order >= MAX_ORDER - 2)
		return false;

	if (!pfn_valid_within(buddy_pfn))
		return false;

	combined_pfn = buddy_pfn & pfn;
	higher_page = page + (combined_pfn - pfn);
	buddy_pfn = __find_buddy_pfn(combined_pfn, order + 1);
	higher_buddy = higher_page + (buddy_pfn - combined_pfn);

	return pfn_valid_within(buddy_pfn) &&
	       page_is_buddy(higher_page, higher_buddy, order + 1);
}

/*
 * Freeing function for a buddy system allocator.
 *
 * The concept of a buddy system is to maintain direct-mapped table